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Combustion By-Products

Coal combustion products have proven to be economical, high quality resources for concrete products, construction, agriculture, and materials industries. The materials often exceed the performance of natural alternatives or those that are man-made. Coal ash is considered to be the nation's fourth most abundant mineral resource, and is environmentally friendly in that its uses are safe and allow the conservation of other scarce natural resources.

These materials — fly ash, bottom ash, cenospheres and FGD (flue gas desulfurization) gypsum — result from the combustion of coal or the treatment of combustion gases. The material is used in structural fill and in land development, buildings, metals recovery, and highways, and to manufacture agricultural fertilizers, carpeting and plastics filler.

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   Plant Location Dry Fly Ash Cenospheres Conditioned Ash+ Pond Ash+ Bottom Ash Gypsum
1. Hammond Georgia checkmark checkmark checkmark checkmark    
2. Bowen Georgia checkmark checkmark checkmark checkmark checkmark  
3. McDonough Georgia checkmark checkmark checkmark checkmark checkmark  
4. Wansley Georgia checkmark     checkmark checkmark  
5. Yates Georgia   checkmark     checkmark checkmark
6. Scherer Georgia checkmark   checkmark checkmark checkmark  
7. Branch Georgia checkmark checkmark   checkmark checkmark  
8. Mitchell Georgia       checkmark    
9. McIntosh Georgia checkmark   checkmark checkmark checkmark  
10. Kraft Georgia checkmark   checkmark checkmark checkmark  
11. Scholz Florida       checkmark    
12. Smith Florida       checkmark checkmark  
13. Crist Florida checkmark   checkmark checkmark checkmark  
14. Barry Alabama       checkmark checkmark  
15. Daniel Mississippi checkmark   checkmark checkmark checkmark  
16. Watson Mississippi checkmark checkmark checkmark   checkmark  
17. Greene County Alabama   checkmark   checkmark    
18. Gaston Alabama checkmark checkmark checkmark checkmark checkmark  
19. Miller Alabama checkmark checkmark   checkmark checkmark  
20. Gorgas Alabama       checkmark checkmark  
21. Gadsden Alabama checkmark   checkmark checkmark    


Fly ash is composed primarily of inorganic, non-combustible minerals such as alumina, silica and iron. It exists as a very finely divided, silt-sized particulate which is removed from combustion gases with various types of collection equipment.

Bottom ash has similar chemical composition to fly ash, although it is larger, generally ranging from sand to gravel size.

Cenospheres are hollow, lightweight spheres formed when gases are trapped in fly ash during the coal combustion process.

Gypsum forms when sulfur dioxide is scrubbed from flue gas. It is similar to mined gypsum in particle size and chemical composition.